Explosion depths for phreatomagmatic eruptions

Amenthes Cones, Mars: Hydrovolcanic (tuff) Rings and Cones from Phreatomagmatic Explosive Eruptions on Mars

Introduction: Mars was volcanically active throughout most, if not all, of its history [e.g., 1-4], and volcanism played a significant role in the formation of its surface. Another factor modifying the Martian surface is water, both in liquid and frozen state, and at and beneath the surface [e.g., 5]. Interactions of magma with water and/or ice should be common on Mars, therefore. On Earth, suc...

Geothermal Energy Release at the Solfatara of Pozzuoli (Phlegraean Fields): Phreatic and Phreatomagmatic Explosion Risk Implications

The H20, CO2 and H2S outputs at the Solfatara of Pozzuoli have been measured and a map of the exhaling areas has also been made. The energy released at the surface by the fluids has been estimated to be 1019 ergs/day. The presence of aquifers at Phlegraean Fields increases the phreatic and phreatomagmatic explosion risk. Our results suggest that even if an uprising magma may interact with water...

Updates to Concepts on Phreatomagmatic Maar-Diatremes and Their Pyroclastic Deposits

Recent work is changing our understanding of phreatomagmatic maar-diatreme eruptions and resulting deposits. In previous models, explosions were often inferred to take place only at the base of a diatreme, with progressive downward migration due to a cone of depression in the host aquifer. However, diatremes themselves contain much water that is heterogeneously distributed, and field evidence s...

Volcanic Eruptions

Drug eruptions.

The last four decades have seen an enormous increase in the use of potent and toxic drugs as therapy. The considerable advances that these drugs have provided in the control and prevention of disease are matched by their potential to produce unwanted side effects many of which are reflected in the skin. These side effects cannot in the main be predicted. Tests in animals may not reliably be ext...